Key Concepts to Memorize
Circle: (x−h)² + (y−k)² = r² → center (h,k), radius r
Distance: d = √((x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²)
Midpoint: M = ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)
Similar triangles: corresponding sides proportional
Arc length = (θ/360°) × 2πr; Sector area = (θ/360°) × πr²
★ MEMORIZE 30-60-90 sides: 1 : √3 : 2 | 45-45-90 sides: 1 : 1 : √2
Worked Example
A circle has equation x² + y² − 6x + 4y = 12. Find the center and radius.
(x−3)² + (y+2)² = 25 → center (3,−2), radius 5 ✓